"US Congresswoman Anna Eshoo, "Vannevar Bushs influential text, Science, the Endless Frontier, laid out a roadmap for a whole new relationship between science, technology, and the federal government. Since research does not fall within the category of normal commercial or procurement operations which are easily covered by the usual contractual relations, it is essential that certain statutory and regulatory fiscal requirements be waived in the case of research contractors. Apart from teaching, however, the primary obligation of the medical schools and universities is to continue the traditional function of such institutions, namely, to provide the individual worker with an opportunity for free, untrammeled study of nature, in the directions and by the methods suggested by his interests, curiosity, and imagination. Government Relations to Science -- Past and Future. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in making the case that scientific progress is necessary to a nation's health, security, and prosperity. Hoorah for Holt, for having the courage to take on this important, timely issue. Neither our allies nor, so far as we know, our enemies have done anything so radical as thus to suspend almost completely their educational activities in scientific pursuits during the war period. Horgan is a prolific author and columnist for Scientific American, whose interview subjects included a list of scientists who might be seen as the most disruptive crew of the last three . One of our hopes is that after the war there will be full employment, and that the production of goods and services will serve to raise our standard of living. It is chiefly in these institutions that scientists may work in an atmosphere which is relatively free from the adverse pressure of convention, prejudice, or commercial necessity. It should, moreover, have sufficient recognition to secure prompt and practical decisions. In recent decades, Chinese researchers have become preeminent contributors to the scientific enterprise, as reflected by the number of publications originating from Chinese research institutions. . Cardiovascular disease, including chronic disease of the kidneys, arteriosclerosis, and cerebral hemorrhage, now account for 45 percent of the deaths in the United States. Science Is a Proper Concern of Government. It will not receive the attention it requires if left to industry. of disruptive papers and patents suggests that science and technology do not appear to have reached the end of the 'endless frontier; The symposium marked the 75th anniversary of the landmark report Science, the Endless Frontier, which was released in the final weeks of another global crisisWorld War II. "In his companion essay to this new edition of Science, the Endless Frontierthe blueprint for American science since World War IIRush Holt argues that a more expansive philosophical vision of the value of science is needed, one that embraces the public as a more equal partner. Available as Rush Holt offers incisive reflections on Bushs blind spots and bold plan, making this the definitive edition for our era.Angela N. H. Creager, Princeton University, "Vannevar Bushs Science, the Endless Frontier had an immense influence on the development of US science and technology as forces for public good. In this country the increase has been accompanied by more abundant food supply, better living, more leisure, longer life, and better health. Moreover, they should see that those who study overseas have the benefit of the latest scientific developments. Separation of the sciences in tight compartments, as would occur if more than one agency were involved, would retard and not advance scientific knowledge as a whole. View at Internet Archive. But they have been diverted to a greater extent than is generally appreciated from the search for answers to the fundamental problems -- from the search on which human welfare and progress depends. In planning the release of scientific data and experience collected in connection with the war, we must not overlook the fact that research has gone forward under many auspices -- the Army, the Navy, the Office of Scientific Research and Development, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, other departments and agencies of the Government, educational institutions, and many industrial organizations. Government scientific agencies have splendid records of achievement, but they are limited in function. This has always been true and is likely to remain so. "By proceeding from point to point and taking stock on the way, by giving further opportunity to those who show themselves worthy of further opportunity, by giving the most opportunity to those who show themselves continually developing -- this is the way we propose. There are some notable exceptions, it is true, but even in such cases it is rarely possible to match the universities in respect to the freedom which is so important to scientific discovery. On the wisdom with which we bring science to bear against the problems of the coming years depends in large measure our future as a nation. Nature of the Problem. It is recommended, therefore, that specific action with regard to the patent laws be withheld pending the submission of the report devoted exclusively to that subject. Science, the Endless Frontier Hardcover - February 2, 2021 by Vannevar Bush (Author), Rush Holt (Contributor) 20 ratings 3.9 on Goodreads 51 ratings Kindle $9.99 Read with Our Free App Hardcover $12.95 8 Used from $6.78 26 New from $7.98 Paperback $25.00 4 Used from $15.96 10 New from $25.00 To initiate and finance in appropriate organizations research projects for which existing facilities are unavailable or inadequate. VII. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. Alert. Division of Natural Sciences. Science offers a largely unexplored hinterland for the pioneer who has the tools for his task. BOOK. 2. There are brains and character, strength and health, happiness and spiritual vitality, interest and motivation, and no one knows what else, that must needs enter into this supra-mathematical calculus. The history of medical science teaches clearly the supreme importance of affording the prepared mind complete freedom for the exercise of initiative. This Report recommended that the federal government accept new responsibilities for promoting the flow of new scientific knowledge and the development of scientific talent in youth. The release of information from security regulations is but one phase of the problem. Bringing us from 1945 to the present, Holt demonstrates that the American people need science now more than ever. During the war it has been necessary for selected groups of scientists to work on specialized problems, with relatively little information as to what other groups were doing and had done. Much of the scientific research done by Government agencies is intermediate in character between the two types of work commonly referred to as basic and applied research. The "spatial turn" in literary studies is transforming the way we think of the field. Office of scientific rese. Added to these are many maladies (for example, the common cold, arthritis, asthma and hay fever, peptic ulcer) which, through infrequently fatal, cause incalculable disability. History. The obligation of Government to support research on military problems is inescapable. Where clinical investigations of the human body are required, the medical schools are in a unique position, because of their close relationship to teaching hospitals, to integrate such investigations with the work of the departments of preclinical science, and to impart new knowledge to physicians in training. We think it very important that circumstances be such that there be no ceilings, other than ability itself, to intellectual ambition.
Through the Land Grant College acts the Government has supported research in state institutions for more than 80 years on a gradually increasing scale. To a considerable extent this progress reflected the liberal financial support from university endowment income, gifts from individuals, and foundation grants in the 20's. It has been suggested that the benefits might be better utilized if "research clinics" for such enterprises were to be established. As long as they are vigorous and healthy and their scientists are free to pursue the truth wherever it may lead, there will be a flow of new scientific knowledge to those who can apply it to practical problems in Government, in industry, or elsewhere. Malaria has been controlled. This month, the U.S. Senate is poised to consider legislation that would expand the National Science Foundation (NSF) and strengthen the U.S. science and technology research ecosystem. In the future we must pay increased attention to discovering this knowledge for ourselves particularly since the scientific applications of the future will be more than ever dependent upon such basic knowledge. United States In the past we have devoted much of our best efforts to the application of such knowledge which has been discovered abroad. Cookies on OCLC websites. For even if we should start now to train the current crop of high school graduates, it would be 1951 before they would complete graduate studies and be prepared for effective scientific research. Government initiative and support for the development of newly discovered therapeutic materials and methods can reduce the time required to bring the benefits to the public. The director should receive a salary that is fully adequate to attract an outstanding man to the post. - In order to insure that men of great competence and experience may be designated as Members of the Foundation and as members of the several professional Divisions, the legislation creating the Foundation should contain specific authorization so that the Members of the Foundation and the Members of the Divisions may also engage in private and gainful employment, notwithstanding the provisions of any other laws: provided, however, that no compensation for such employment is received in any form from any profit-making institution which receives funds under contract, or otherwise, from the Division or Divisions of the Foundation with which the individual is concerned. Periodic review of the quality of research being conducted under the auspices of the particular Division and revision of the program of support of research. During the same period expenditures for scientific research in the colleges and universities increased from $20,000,000 to $31,000,000, while those in the endowed research institutes declined from $5,200,000 to $4,500,000. But nowhere in the Governmental structure receiving its funds from Congress is there an agency adapted to supplementing the support of basic research in the universities, both in medicine and the natural sciences; adapted to supporting research on new weapons for both Services; or adapted to administering a program of science scholarships and fellowships. Holts first-rate introduction to this new edition captures the key elements of the report, outlines its significance and fate, and considers its implications for our time. By the same token these groups cannot be made the repository of the new and large responsibilities in science which belong to the Government and which the Government should accept. It can be effective in the national welfare only as a member of a team, whether the conditions be peace or war. "Daniel J. Kevles, author of The Baltimore Case: A Trial of Politics, Science, and Character, "During his productive time in Congress and afterward, Rush Holt has been a champion of scientific research and the integration of science into policymaking. . Progress in combating disease depends upon an expanding body of new scientific knowledge. We believe that our proposals will minimize that effect, but we do not think that it can be completely avoided. Cite this article . . In this manuscript, we study . To formulate over-all policies of the Foundation. These uncertainties are also attributable to the existence of certain abuses, which have appeared in the use of patents. Vannevar Bush distills in graceful prose his deep experience of directing research during World War II and Rush Holts new introduction points to how science is essential for all citizens and a vibrant democracy. To make contracts or grants for the conduct of research by negotiation without advertising for bids. Science has been in the wings. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. If ability, and not the circumstance of family fortune, is made to determine who shall receive higher education in science, then we shall be assured of constantly improving quality at every level of scientific activity. Consider, for example, water. Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS. This fact underlines the necessity of salvaging potential scientists in uniform. The Foundation here proposed has been described only in outline. should not prevent us from pointing out some of the shortcomings of that pioneering effort. Search the for Website expand_more. I cannot improve on President Conant's statement that: "* * * in every section of the entire area where the word science may properly be applied, the limiting factor is a human one. Nature - "Science, the Endless Frontier" . The Secretaries of War and Navy recently stated in a joint letter to the National Academy of Sciences: This war emphasizes three facts of supreme importance to national security: (1) Powerful new tactics of defense and offense are developed around new weapons created by scientific and engineering research; (2) the competitive time element in developing those weapons and tactics may be decisive; (3) war is increasingly total war, in which the armed services must be supplemented by active participation of every element of civilian population. To encourage and enable a larger number of young men and women of ability to take up science as a career, and in order gradually to reduce the deficit of trained scientific personnel, it is recommended that provision be made for a reasonable number of (a) undergraduate scholarships and graduate fellowships and (b) fellowships for advanced training and fundamental research. Basic research leads to new knowledge. Beijing 100016, P.R. Working against time, the Office of Scientific Research and Development has been obliged to enforce this practice during the war, although it was realized by all concerned that it was an emergency measure which prevented the continuous cross-fertilization so essential to fruitful scientific effort. The trend is unlikely to be driven by changes in citation practices or the quality of published work. With his insightful introduction to this landmark work, Rush Holt sets forth a persuasive case that a new science policy is vital, not only to our research infrastructure, but also to our very democracy. Without the broad authority along these lines which was contained in the First War Powers Act and its implementing Executive Orders, together with the special relaxation of vouchering requirements granted by the General Accounting Office, the Office of Scientific Research and Development would have been gravely handicapped in carrying on research on military matters during this war. There should certainly not be any absolute requirement that all rights in such discoveries be assigned to the Government, but it should be left to the discretion of the director and the interested Division whether in special cases the public interest requires such an assignment. by Richard C. Atkinson Publication Washington, D.C., National Science Foundation, 1980 Note "July 1945." "Reprinted as part of the thirtieth anniversary observation of the National Science Foundation, 1950-1980"--Cover Although there are some notable exceptions, most research conducted within governmental laboratories is of an applied nature. Another aspect of the changing emphasis is the increase of mental diseases. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click on download. These groups should remain where they are, and continue to perform their present functions, including the support of agricultural research by grants to the Land Grant Colleges and Experiment Stations, since their largest contribution lies in applying fundamental knowledge to the special problems of the Departments within which they are established. In retrospect: ScienceThe endless frontier. These reasons apply with particular force to science: the road is long and expensive; it extends at least 6 years beyond high school; the percentage of science students who can obtain first-rate training in institutions near home is small. Industry will fully rise to the challenge of applying new knowledge to new products. Others with capacity for scientific education went to war after finishing high school. Other examples can be cited in which medical progress has been similarly advanced. The National Research Foundation must, therefore, be free to place its research contracts or grants not only with those institutions which have a demonstrated research capacity but also with other institutions whose latent talent or creative atmosphere affords promise of research success. The bitter and dangerous battle against the U-boat was a battle of scientific techniques -- and our margin of success was dangerously small. This is an important read for everyone who is deeply concerned about the status of science in todays discourse. . There have been numerous cases of independent discovery of the same truth in different places. (3) The agency should promote research through contracts or grants to organizations outside the Federal Government. Notable examples are found within the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Interior, and the Federal Security Agency. "Eric D. Isaacs, president of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 41 William Street These groups are concerned with science as collateral and peripheral to the major problems of those Departments. . Second are the infectious diseases, and third is cancer. It is the special province of the medical schools and universities to foster medical research in this way -- a duty which cannot be shifted to government agencies, industrial organizations, or to any other institutions. Our ability to overcome possible future enemies depends upon scientific advances which will proceed more rapidly with diffusion of knowledge than under a policy of continued restriction of knowledge now in our possession. doi: 10.17226/25990. This board should be composed of disinterested scientists who have no connection with the affairs of any Government agency. Freedom of inquiry must be preserved under any plan for Government support of science in accordance with the Five Fundamentals listed on page 26. They have led to extravagantly critical attacks which tend to discredit a basically sound system. As a temporary measure the National Academy of Sciences has established the Research Board for National Security at the request of the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. Basic scientific research should not, therefore, be placed under an operating agency whose paramount concern is anything other than research. The function of such a civilian group would be primarily to conduct long-range scientific research on military problems - leaving to the Services research on the improvement of existing weapons. In this book he calls for science for citizens, not just science for scientists. Although these frontiers have more or less disappeared, the frontier of science remains. We have no national policy for science. These areas -- such as research on military problems, agriculture, housing, public health, certain medical research, and research involving expensive capital facilities beyond the capacity of private institutions -- should be advanced by active Government support. Holts bold, incisive reframing of this classic text illuminates how science is embedded in, and of import to, sociopolitical concerns. 1,160. Basically there is no reason to believe that scientists of other countries will not in time rediscover everything we now know which is held in secrecy. Progress in the war against disease results from discoveries in remote and unexpected fields of medicine and the underlying sciences. There should be an administrative office responsible to the director to handle in one place the fiscal, legal, personnel, and other similar administrative functions necessary to the accomplishment of the purposes of the Foundation. To promote the dissemination of scientific and technical information and to further its international exchange. Each Division of the Foundation should be made up of at least five members, appointed by the Members of the Foundation. Members. Science--the endless frontier : a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research, by Vannevar Bush ; introd. The terms of the Members should be, say, 4 years, and no Member should be eligible for immediate reappointment provided he has served a full 4-year term. Discovery of new therapeutic agents and methods usually results from basic studies in medicine and the underlying sciences. Satisfactory progress in basic science seldom occurs under conditions prevailing in the normal industrial laboratory. In his superb introductory essay for the reissue of this pioneering document, Rush Holt provides a deeply insightful discussion, not only of what Bushs blueprint achieved, but also what it missed and how this shortfall can be remedied. The deficit of those holding advanced degrees -- that is, young scholars trained to the point where they are capable of carrying on original work -- has been estimated as amounting to about 17,000 by 1955 in chemistry, engineering, geology, mathematics, physics, psychology, and the biological sciences. By. For many years the Government has wisely supported research in the agricultural colleges and the benefits have been great. The mobilization of science behind the lines is aiding the fighting men at the front to win the war and to shorten it; and it has resulted incidentally in the accumulation of a vast amount of experience and knowledge of the application of science to particular problems, much of which can be put to use when the war is over.
The V-1 attack on London was finally defeated by three devices developed during this war and used superbly in the field. Science, the Endless Frontier: A Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research Vannevar Bush Normal Science Foundation, 1945 - 220 pages 0 Reviews Reviews aren't. Rather, the decline represents a substantive shift in science and technology, . A Report to the President by Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, July 1945, (United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1945), CHAPTER 1. It is essential that both kinds of research go forward and that there be the closest liaison between the two groups. Phone: +44 1993 814500 Office of Scientific Research and Development. More Filters. International exchange of scientific information is of growing importance. To establish scholarships and fellowships in the natural sciences including biology and medicine. 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