Through his correspondence with Lagmay, Enriquez learned that the matter of teaching in the Filipino language was being taken up eagerly. Psychology faculty meeting in 1970, Lagmay asked the staff who would like to teach psychology in Filipino. Enriquez did not stop at hypothesis-generation (level of perceptual knowledge and Sikolohiyang Filipino is rooted in the common experience, history, language, and arts of the people of the Malay-Polynesian and Asian heritage. from a local or a foreign perspective). Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao (PUP) (Measure of Character and Personality) in 1975 It is often not clear For Salazar, the history and traditions of a particular For example, if the publication of the research report will jeopardize the situation of the people, then it should not be continued. Psychology and Philosophy as universal disciplines. Ang Sikolohiyang Pilipino ay sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan, at oryentasyong Pilipino. Guanzon-Lapen a has made signiicant contributions in the understanding of the It develops psychology as a science and psychology as an art. Non-government organizations involved in community education particularly in The stream of nationalism was starting to have an effect on the teaching of different courses at U.P. Thus, a poor person who is a kind and honest person and respects the dignity of hard work has a lot of dangal. Using the same principles of Sikolohiyang Pilipino, social and clinical psychologists people. The irst one was held in 1975 to discuss the Lagmay had always been supportive of a Filipino orientation in the theoretical framework and methodology emerge from the experiences of the development of indigenous research methods and indigenous personality testing, Books You don't have any books yet. Halimbawa:Ang aklat na galing sa ibang bansa at inilagay sa isang silid-aklatan dito sa Pilipinas ay maaring maging isang bahagi na ng silid- aklatang iyon. If this is not possible, local researchers should be tapped for assistance. Your comments, suggestions,queries, and other concernsare welcome here. Estrada-Claudios radical postmodern feminist thinking philosophy and psychology; and (c) liberalism, the Philippine propaganda among scholars. Fourth, the method to be used in a research should be chosen on the basis of appropriateness to the population (and not sophistication of the method) and it should be made to adapt to existing cultural norms. being. (Those who do not look back The indirect pattern of communication of Filipinos has thus resulted in indirectness or euphemisms in verbal exchange, expressive body language, voice intonations that say more than the words themselves, and other similar behaviors. It thus upholds the native history, values, and characteristics of a region, and develops theories, concepts, and methods with the Filipino culture as source. To add to the negativity of this interpretation of hiya, Andres (1994) described hiya as an ingredient in why Filipinos overspend during fiestas in order to please their visitors, even to the extent of going into debt (p. 64). to include Sikolohiyang Pilipino, sociology, anthropology and even economics. personal questions and when not to pursue them; when it is time to leave; or how Sikolohiyang Pilipino recognizes the demands of universal science but it likewise appreciates the value of affirming the peculiarity and distinctiveness of man as a socio-cultural being (Enriquez, 1992, p. 27). are many more relaxed atmosphere, more conidence on the part of students to Since then, it has been offered by Enriquez, Salazar, Pe-Pua and others. and cultural roots of Philippine Psychology. then the USA, academic psychology, or the psychology taught in schools, was Because its goal is to generalize research findings, this brand of psychology seeks to apply western theories and methods to non-western societies and cultures. Many Filipino intellectuals, notably the two Philippine heroes Jose Rizal and Apolinario Mabini, expressed dissatisfaction at the pejorative interpretations of Filipino behavior by Western observers. Psychology) was born, aiming to promote Filipino thought. Universality of psychology. Evidently, it is the external aspect which foreign scholars have captured. vocational testing, and the 1980s an increased interest in personality testing, with a As an alternative, they proposed ways of making research more Filipino, which eventually became the backbone of indigenous research methods methods which are not imported nor invented, but are natural or existing patterns of behavior (not methods), discovered and developed as research methods. someone), etc. While there may be differences in thinking between Salazar and Enriquez as discussed by Avila-Sta Maria (1998) we think that it is more appropriate to look at this in a continuum. Major characteristics of Sikolohiyang Pilipino as an indigenous Asian It is recommended that the first level under Hindi-Ibang-Tao, which is pakikipagpalagayang-loob (level of mutual trust, understanding, rapport) should be reached, at the minimum, in order to be assured of good quality data. In the 1960s, many Filipino intellectuals and scholars were already sensitive both to the inadequacy as well as the unfairness of the Western-oriented approaches to psychology. elements in mainstream culture and psychology that are transformative and They have different cultural experiences growing up in America. The primary ethical responsibility of researchers should be to the people and not to their institution or funding agency. However, conformity with/in- accord with), and to pakikisama (being along with). The second level underscored The research, aside from being enlightening for the respondents, should also be empowering. The root word "akbay" conjures images of lifting up, shoulder on shoulder. On the science-humanism issue, Sikolohiyang Pilipino is concerned with both. have probably done their best to prepare for the forthcoming situation. to be under the realms of Western psychology. Enriquez (1977) dared to speculate that there is an element of wanting to promote research of not being enmeshed and bound by the culture being studied has Born in the province of Bulacan, Philippines, Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez was trained by his father to speak the native tongue fluently since he was a child. Two other compilations have been published since 1982 when the first compilation on Sikolohiyang Pilipino was published. Moreover, Sikolohiyang Pilipino aims to shape psychology dishonest and socially ingratiating and relecting a deceptive verbal description of This steering emotion triggers the spontaneous voluntary actions that come with the sharing of the self. It is in their colonial/accommodative surface values; and bahala na (determination), Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino 3. Originally Answered: Why is there a need for Filipino Psychology? This is precisely what Virgilio Enriquez (1975) pushed for as he initiated Sikolohiyang Pilipino. He of it. For Salazar (1991), Filipino- Americans are not Filipinos He came up with a definition of psychology that takes into account the study of emotions and experienced knowledge (kalooban and kamalayan), awareness of ones surroundings (ulirat), information and understanding (isip), habits and behavior (another meaning of diwa), and the soul (kaluluwa) which is the way to learning about peoples conscience. Salazar (1985b), through his analysis of indigenous history and culture of the The principal emphasis of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is to foster national identity and consciousness, social involvement, and psychology of language and culture. Regarding psychological practice, it endorses the conceptualization of psychological MGA ANYO NG SIKOLOHIYA SA KONTEKSTONG PILIPINO . That the before basis: Three Core Concept of the values of the Phillipine Personality Theory: the Kapwa, Pakiramdam and Kagandahang loob that has been interpreted as share identity, shared inner perception and shared humanity must be change. participants actually have an input in the research process itself in terms of time Some of the indigenous research methods that have been identiied are panunuluyan (residing in the research setting) (San Juan & Soriaga, 1985). They look down on people on the Pilipinos accumulated body of literature and research data. Pilipino perspective, Enriquez (1992) re-conceptualized the Filipino behaviour embarrassment). This stream includes indigenous What is the importance of Sikolohiyang Pilipino? Sikolohiyang Pilipino also became more responsible and responsive to the needs of Filipinos due to the philosophy that we need to make psychology benefit and be of service to the people. And here is where pakikiramdam (sensitivity) is most needed in trying to debt connotes, because in the Filipino pattern of interpersonal relations, there is For instance, in the area of personality, the Western approach in research of not being enmeshed and bound by the culture being studied has resulted in a characterization of the Filipino from the judgmental and impressionistic point of view of the colonizers (Enriquez, 1992, p. 57). awareness of being in a socially unacceptable position, or performing a socially Pakiramdam, in a way, binds all Filipino values as it operates behind all of them. Another aspect of Filipino personality that was given attention by the Sikolohiyang Pilipino perspective is the propensity for indirect communication. Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology) refers to the psychology born out of the aims to understand the Filipino psyche using indigenous concepts. American, Lynch (1961) saw hiya as the uncomfortable feeling that accompanies After all is said and done, the more appropriate translation of hiya in English is not shame but sense of propriety. It has been shown that Philippine psychologys colonial character as a captive of an American dominated, English-speaking world is one of Sikolohiyang Pilipinos major areas of protest (Enriquez, 1987, p. 279). truly determined to get answers to his questions), the research participants are free recognized and respected. interaction can range from pakikitungo (transaction/civility with), to pakikisalamuha She looked into the essential elements articulated in Sikolohiyang Pilipino in discovering the richness of indigenous knowledge, beliefs and practices as related to the various applications and areas of grassroots leadership formation. Carlota (1980) noted several trends in during these trips that he was able to inluence scholars living abroad (Filipinos and management, structure of the questions, interpretation without their being aware Rogelia Pe-Pua took off where Bartolome left as far as teaching the subject Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Psychology 108) was concerned. damdam for feel. in Social Psychology and lost no time in The greatest difficulty during the first semester was the lack of a textbook. Bartolome. experience) but rather went on to develop core concepts and theories in psychology scholars from diferent persuasions to give new meaning and direction to the, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01. culture, and applications and bases of Filipino psychology in health practices, and external aspects of hiya. Hongkong. Associated with the above are societal values such as karangalan (dignity), katarungan (justice), and kalayaan (freedom). Part of our socialization is being sensitive to non-verbal cues, having concern for the feelings of others, being truthful but not at the expense of hurting others feelings. It was mentioned earlier in this article that Sikolohiyang Pilipino is regarded as a step towards the development of a truly universal psychology. This is the brand of psychology that Sikolohiyang Pilipino objects to. The primary purpose was to equip teachers with materials that would facilitate the use of Filipino in psychology subjects. United States (San Francisco and New Haven), Japan, Malaysia, Thailand and relationships that binds a person to his or her home community or home country. The response to Tangcos criticism is this: While Sikolohiyang Pilipino tends to be phenomenological in orientation, it has mechanisms in place to ensure that the tenets of scientific endeavor are upheld. As implied by the term itself, pakapa-kapa is an approach characterized by groping, searching and probing into an unsystematized mass of social and cultural data to obtain order, meaning and directions for research (Torres, 1982, p. 171). The primary purpose was to First, there should be a psychological tradition in Philippine culture before one can say that there is such a concept as Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Thus, it is not regionalism which divides the Filipinos. The test administration procedures were also The goal of research is to gain understanding, but not at the expense of the very people from whom this understanding will spring. This driving emotional force triggers the spontaneous voluntary actions that come with the sharing of the self (pakikipagkapwa). Even with his Ph.D. dissertation which was written in English, he had to explain it to his father in Filipino. Hiya. Enriquez returned to the Philippines in 1971, bringing with him a wealth of Western knowledge which he did not impose on his Filipino colleagues and students. in a culture. Psychology thesis in Filippino was written in 1972 by Amelia Alfonso. acknowledged through an award or a tribute (parangal, which is actually pa-dangal) Bahala na ang Diyos (God will take care of us) . It is therefore important for Sikolohiyang Pilipino to take a more critical stance and re-examine its methodology. In a U.P. It presents an alternative framework of looking at human behavior particularly in the context of non-Western cultures and identifies key concepts in understanding the Filipino's mind, personality, and behavior. Current Trends and Directions Greater Maebog, Related: 10 Funny Things About Pinoy (Filipinos). measurement, and saw a recent upsurge in the development of indigenous This paper addresses a need for a research-based communication study of Filipino behavior. He discovered that it is not maintaining smooth interpersonal relationships that Filipinos are most concerned with, but pakikipagkapwa which means treating the other person as kapwa or fellow human being. It is in the Impact on the teaching of psychology in the Philippines, In a U. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . socio-cultural conditions afecting women in Philippine society. On the other hand, another psychology. to capture or express a truly Filipino psychology. applying such concepts to understand other social and cultural realities (De la Torre, do not share the Philippine cultural experience, and hardly speak any Philippine from the foregoing discussion is the fact that, Sikolohiyang Pilipino, several years This disenchantment continued as Filipinos struggled to assert their Utang na loob. In these situations, only carefully feeling out others helps in navigating the ambiguities one encounterslike knowing when to join a group or how to blend in with people. Lazo, de Jesus & Tiglao, 1976; Ramos, 1977). While the elite speak English and occasionally throw collective experience of a people with a common bond of history. For him, what is important is the immediate application of psychology in understanding and helping solve the problems in Philippine society. It is based on assessing historical and socio- It is the profound deep inner feeling that fuels all pertinent deeds. Reviews on the status of Philippine psychological measurement in the 1970s and Initially, she used the terminologies recommended by the National Science The late Virgilio Enriquez explained kapwa as the unity of the one-of-us- and-the-other and upheld that it entailed moral and normative elements that mandated people to treat one another as fellow human being, and therefore as equal, a perspective certainly inconsistent with exploitative or abusive human interactions. It declares both the scientific and They look down on people on the other side of the divide. In his These questions should be accorded the same respect It is indigenous method, multi-method multi-language approach, appropriate ield Tatlong anyo ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino Ayon kay Dr. Virgilio Enriquez, mayroong tatlong anyo ang Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas, Sikolohiya ng Pilipino, at Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Traditionally, it is regulated by the Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino, (registered with the Philippine government under the corporate name National Association for Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Inc.), which was founded in 1975 by Virgilio Enriquez, regarded by many as the Father of Filipino Psychology.. Reviews on the status of Philippine psychological measurement in the 1970s and 1980s pointed out the twin problem of the inapplicability of foreign-made tests and the dearth of locally developed tests (Carlota, 1980; Guanzon, 1985; Lazo, 1977; Lazo, de Jesus & Tiglao, 1976; Ramos, 1977). Although Sikolohiyang Pilipino applies specifically to the Pilipino community, it is a stepping-stone towards the development of an all-inclusive practice, "Psychology is too important to be left to the psychologist alone" (Pe-Pua & Protacio-Marcelino 54) so it must be a collective practice and experience. . Pangunahing-aral ng SikolohiyangPilipino a. She proposes to de-construct the hegemonic discourse by using discourse analysis in the context of a postmodern (post colonial) perspective. personality measurement, citing developments in the areas of personality testing, institution or funding agency. type of indigenization was given more emphasis after the translation attempts failed Development of indigenous personality measures. Enriquez asserted that alternative perspectives from non-western psychologies should be put to use. In reality, the foreigner or the Westernized Filipino is impatient with this mode of communication, and questions the usefulness of this cultural way. produced. to ask the researcher as many questions as they want, therefore acting much like a For example, the predisposition to indirectness of Filipino communication was regarded as being dishonest and socially ingratiating and reflecting a deceptive verbal description of reality (Lawless, 1969, cited in Enriquez, 1992) rather than a concern for the feelings of others. tenets of scientiic endeavor are upheld. The response to Tangcos criticism is this: While Sikolohiyang Pilipino tends to In a subsequent paper, she and Enriquez discussed the loopholes of Philippine social research, including the lack of relevance of research topics to the needs of the people being studied, inappropriateness of (Western) methods to the ways of the people, definitions based on Western theories, and overemphasis on data rather than on the process. 190191) defined it, following Kauts logic, as the principle of reciprocity incurred when an individual helps another. Third, the welfare of the research participants take precedence over the data least three (3) main core values under Sikolohiyang Pilipino: the. Ethnic Psychology (Taal na Sikolohiya): This is the tradition on which Philippine psychology is mainly based. A response to non-western critique over the Anglo-American dominance in the international academe, this discipline is the first indigenous psychology ever taught at a university. Thus, one does not question a textbook with the title Introduction to Psychology used to teach undergraduate psychology students in the Philippines, when the correct title perhaps should be Introduction to American Psychology. through item or test modiication, test translation, or development of local norms. He even looked beyond patterns and value structure where he designated hiya(propriety/ dignity), utang But after a few years, they became people. analyzed and interpreted in the light of Western theories. Virgilio Enriquez and Sikolohiyang Pilipino . (people or mass). entry of Western psychology (mainly American tradition) at Philippine universities. Sikolohiyang Pilipino Teorya, Metodo at Gamit: Filipino Psychology : Theory, Method and ApplicationMarch 1990, Univ Philippines PrPaperback in English9710300210 9789710300211. Evidently, it is the external aspect which foreign Sikolohiyang Pilipino, according to him, should focus on the lived experiences of people immersed in Philippine life and culture. (Santiago & Enriquez, 1976). The first M.A. Filipinos), the practice of psychology by Filipinos (normal techniques of Tangco is in the then feels an obligation to repay the debt in the future when the helper himself (sic) na as the Filipino attitude that makes him accept suferings and problems, leaving both physical and mental or emotional ailments. Enriquezs PUP and three other examples of Philippine personality measures may structure of Filipino values. In the 1970s and 1980s there were quite a number of these organizations in the (Enriquez, 1976). Utang na loob. Pilipino by underscoring the need for a socio-historical perspective in understanding new directions in teaching psychology, and an active participation in organizations In this conference, the ideas, concepts, and While there may be no research as yet on cross-cultural comparisons of the If freer to be themselves when in a sympathetic group of friends than in a one on one In fact, even before they have said Bahala na! they The most important aspect of this definition is the Filipino orientation. (1985) also noted the phenomenon of measures being locally developed In Filipino social interaction, one is immediately placed Several multi-national the core concept of Enriquezs kapwa psychology. There seems to be a tendency for Sikolohiyang Pilipino to gloss over negative aspects of Philippine culture and ignore the power dynamics at play in given cultural contexts. Pakikisama was identified by Lynch (1961, 1973) as a Filipino value, giving it the English translation of maintaining smooth interpersonal relations by going along with the group or the majority decision, i.e., conformity. There is also practical work currently going on in the area of feminist psychology. Salazar (1985b), through his analysis of indigenous history and culture of the Filipinos, points out the internality-externality component in the Filipino personality. Many a time, the relationship between the researcher and the research participants continues long after the research is over. (psyche), which in Filipino directly refers to the wealth of ideas referred to by the It is in the cultural aspect where we witness a disparity. Filipino people, with all the material and spiritual aspects (Indigenous Filipino Values, n.d.). As principal methods of investigation, Sikolohiyang Pilipino encourages cross-indigenous method, multi-method multi-language approach, appropriate field methods, total approach (triangulation method). adapted to Filipino ways (Enriquez & Guanzon, 1985). We put forward now that what is generally considered as universal psychology is based on the psychology of industrialized and developed countries of the West.
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